Descartes' First Meditation
A belief is practically certain ('morally certain' in Cartesian
terms) for a person, S, at a time, t, just in case it is justified well enough
for the ordinary affairs of life for S at t.
A belief is metaphysically certain for a person, S, at a time,
t, just in case there is not even the "least ground of suspicion against
it" at t.
Epistemic Purification: If everything that a person, S, believes
at a time, t, is a metaphysical certainty for him at t, then S is epistemically
purified at t.
Descartes' Assumption: It is within our power to stop believing
things that we now believe.
Descartes' Epistemic Principle: Once in his or her life, a
person who seeks maximal epistemic purification must suspend judgment on everything
that is less than metaphysically certain.
The Dream Argument
1. There is no criterion by which I can determine that I am not dreaming.
2. If (1), then everything that I formerly believed is less than metaphysically
certain.
3. If everything that I formerly believed is less than metaphysically certain,
then I must refrain from believing everything I formerly believed in my quest
for epistemic purity.
4. Therefore, then I must refrain from believing everything I formerly believed
in my quest for epistemic purity. [1,2,3 MMP]
The Deceptive God Argument
1. Either I was created by God or I was created by something less powerful than
God.
2. If I was created by God, then I was created by something powerful enough
to make me go wrong in what seems most certain.
3. If I was created by something less powerful than God, then it's possible
that I have defective epistemic faculties.
4. Therefore, either I was created by something powerful enough to make me go
wrong in what seems most certain or it's possible that I have defective epistemic
faculties. [1,2,3 CD]
5. If I was created by something powerful enough to make me go wrong in what
seems most certain, then everything that I formerly believed is less than metaphysically
certain.
6. If it's possible that I have defective epistemic faculties, then everything
that I formerly believed is less than metaphysically certain.
7. Therefore, everything that I formerly believed is less than metaphysically
certain. [4,5,6 SC]
8. If everything that I formerly believed is less than metaphysically certain,
then I must refrain from believing everything I formerly believed in my quest
for epistemic purity.
9. Therefore, I must refrain from believing everything I formerly believed in
my quest for epistemic purity. [7,8 MP]
Can you explain the role of the "Evil Demon" hypothesis in the Meditations.