Kantian Preliminaries

D1. T is an internalist theory in NEB =df. T is a theory in NEB that implies that the moral statuses of act tokens depends entirely on facts about things internal to the agent.

D2. T is an externalist theory in NEB =df. T is a theory in NEB that implies that the moral statuses of act tokens depends in part on facts about things external to the agent.

D3. S has the Good Will =df. S strives to act at all times in accord with the requirements of the moral law simply because S sees such behavior to be morally right.

"Nothing in the world - indeed nothing even beyond the world - can be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a good will."

D4. S does A from inclination =df. S does A because s/he wants to gain happiness, money, power, fame or some other result, and thinks s/he can achieve that result by doing A.

D5. S does A from duty =df. S does A because s/he sees that A is morally required, that A is compatible with the moral law.

Proposition One: "To have moral worth an action must be done from duty."

Proposition Two: "An action performed from duty does not have its moral worth in the purpose which is to be achieved through it but in the maxim by which it is determined."

Preliminary formulation of Categorical Imperative: "I should never act in such a way that I could not also will that my maxim should be a universal law."

Formulating Kant's First Version of the Categorical Imperative

D1: M is the maxim of act token A =df. M is a general policy statement describing the situation the agent of A takes himself to be in, and the sort of action he takes himself to be performing when he does A.

• M1: When I can gain a good business reputation by giving correct change, I shall give correct change.
• M2: When I can perform a morally right act by giving correct change, I shall give correct change.

D2: GM is the generalized form of maxim M =df. GM is the result of making M fully general, so as to apply to all people.

• GM1: Whenever anyone can gain a good business reputation by giving correct change, he or she will give correct change.

D3: L is a law of nature =df. L is a fully general statement that describes not only how things are, but how things always must be.

D4: S wills that p be the case =df. S issues a sincere command to herself, in effect saying, "make p be true!"

D5: S wills inconsistently =df. S wills that p be the case and S wills that q be the case and it is impossible for p and q to be the case together.

CI1: An act token A is morally right if and only if the agent of A can consistently will that the generalized form of the maxim of A be a law of nature.

D6: Maxim M is universalizable =df. the agent who acts upon M can consistently will that the generalized form of M be a law of nature.

CI1': An act token A is morally right if and only if A's maxim is universalizable.